1: Radiology  1986 Oct;161(1):165-72 

Arterial trauma: diagnostic and therapeutic angiography.

Sclafani SJ, Cooper R, Shaftan GW, Goldstein AS, Glanz S, Gordon DH.

Between 1978 and 1982, 1,200 patients underwent angiography following acute
traumatic injury, and arterial injuries were detected in 182 cases (15.2%).
Two-thirds of the cases were associated with penetrating trauma; half the
injuries occurred in the pelvis or lower extremities. The most common and
reliable sign of arterial injury was the presence of extraluminal contrast
media. Other signs included occlusion, laceration, transection, arteriovenous
fistula, intimal flap, and intraluminal thrombus. Luminal narrowing was
difficult to interpret and resulted from a variety of causes, some of which do
not require surgical intervention. Embolotherapy to control arterial bleeding
was attempted in 79 patients (43%), and hemostasis was achieved in 69 of them
(87%). Transcatheter closure was attempted in 19 of 34 arteriovenous fistulas,
resulting in complete success in 15 cases and partial success in two.

PMID: 3763860 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]