1	HIPPA and Orthopedic Research William T Obremskey MD MPH AAOS 2004 HWB Foundation
2	HIPAA – How Will the Regulations Impact Research?
3	What is HIPAA? Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (Privacy Rule) November 1999 – DHHS proposed regulations December 2000 – Final Rule published August 2002 – New Final Rule published December 2002 – Guidance Document published Date of Compliance – APRIL 14, 2003
4	Covered Entities Health Plans (insurers and payors) Health Care Providers Health Care Clearinghouses (billing services)
5	Privacy Rule Protects: Individually Identifiable Health Information is defined as any information collected from an individual (including demographics) that is: created or received by a health care provider, health plan, employer, and/or health care clearinghouse relates to the past, present or future: physical or mental health or condition of an individual, the provision of health care to an individual; or payment for the provision of health care to an individual; and identifies the individual and/or there is reasonable basis to believe that the information can be used to identify the individual. (45 CFR 160.103)
6	Identifying Data Elements Names Addresses Dates Phone Numbers Fax Numbers Social Security Numbers Medical Record Number Health Plan Numbers Account Numbers Certificate/License Numbers VIN/License Plate Numbers Device Identifiers Names of Relatives Web URLs IP addresses Biometric Identifiers Photographs and comparable images Any other unique identifying number, characteristic, or code Initials
7	HIPAA Terms PHI – Protected Health Information Use – data accessed and shared within the covered entity Disclosure – the providing of data outside of the covered entity, not including Business Associates Authorization – permission provided by the patient or legal representative to use or disclose the individual’s PHI Limited Data Set – group of data that is de-identified except for geographic location and dates
8	HIPAA Terms Continued Data Use Agreement – document used to create and disclose a Limited Data Set Designated Record Set – The part of the medical record used for patient care/treatment Minimum Necessary Standard – under certain conditions the covered entity must limit the access to PHI Accounting of Disclosures – under certain conditions the covered entity must track disclosures of PHI, such as waiver of authorization
9	How to Fit HIPAA into your Research?
10	How to Use or Disclose PHI for Research Purposes De-identified data Limited Data Set Authorization Waiver of Authorization
11	How to use or disclose PHI for research purposes (continued) De-identification Remove all 19 identifiers; or Statistical Certification – the information may be considered de-identified, if an independent, qualified statistician: Determines that the risk of re-identification of the data, alone or in combination with other data, is very small; and Documents the methods and results by which the health information is de-identified, and the expert makes his/her determination of risk. Note: the expert may not be the researcher or anyone directly involved in the research study.
12	"Limit Data Set (LDS" Limit Data Set (LDS) Allows access to PHI, with limited identifiable data elements, without an authorization or waiver of authorization Requires a Data Use Agreement Limited Data Set may include: Dates Geographic information (not street address) Other unique identifying numbers, characteristics, or codes that are not expressly excluded
13	What is a Data Use Agreement? The investigator must agree to the following: Not to use or disclose the LDS for any purpose other than the research project or as required by law. To use appropriate safeguards to prevent use or disclosure of the LDS other than as provided for by the agreement. To report to VUMC any use or disclosure of the LDS not provided for by this agreement, of which he/she becomes aware, including without limitation, any disclosure of PHI to an unauthorized subcontractor. To ensure that any agent, including a subcontractor, to whom he/she provides the LDS, agrees to the same restrictions and conditions that applies through the agreement to the Data Recipient with respect to such information. Not to identify the information contained in the LDS or contact the individual.
14	How to use or disclose PHI for research purposes (continued) Authorization Participant provides authorization to use/disclose PHI as part of the informed consent process. MUST include the following elements: Specific description of the information to be used/disclosed Who may use or disclose To whom the PHI will be disclosed Why the use or disclosure is being made (each purpose) Statement of how long the use or disclosure will continue
15	"Notice that authorization may be..." Notice that authorization may be revoked Notice that the information may be disclosed to others not subject to the Privacy Rule Notice that the covered entity may or may not condition treatment or payment on the individual’s signature Individual’s signature and date
16	How to use or disclose PHI for research purposes (continued) Waiver of Authorization To be granted by the IRB and must meet the following criteria: The use or disclosure of PHI involves no more than minimal risk to the privacy of the individual. The PI must provide a plan to protect identifiers, a plan to destroy the identifiers as soon as possible, and a statement that the information will not be disclosed. The PI should provide justification as to why the research cannot be done without the waiver.
17	How to use or disclose PHI for research purposes (continued) The PI should provide justification as to why the research cannot be done without the PHI. The PI must provide a written assurance to the IRB that the PHI will not be re-used or disclosed except As required by law, For authorized oversight of the research, or For other research that has been reviewed and approved by the IRB with specific approval regarding access to this PHI.
18	Minimum Necessary Standard A covered entity must try to limit the use or disclosure of PHI to the minimum necessary to achieve the research purpose. This standard applies to the following: Research pursuant to a waiver Use/disclosure of decedent’s PHI Uses preparatory to research Limited Data Sets Minimum Necessary Standard does not apply to the following: Treatment disclosures or requests Use or disclosure made with an authorization Disclosures to the individual Disclosures to DHHS for compliance Disclosures required by law
19	Accounting of Disclosures Patients have the right to request an accounting of disclosures of their PHI for past six years. Applies to disclosure of PHI pursuant to a waiver of authorization, disclosures required by law, and for public health purposes. Does not apply to disclosures pursuant to an authorization or to limited data set. The Privacy Office, not the IRB, will maintain a centralized database to track disclosures. This tracking requirement is the responsibility of the PI in conjunction with the Privacy Office.
20	What does not require IRB review? Preparatory to Research defined as any action taken, where access to PHI is required, for assessing the research question/hypothesis such as accessing medical records or querying of databases to prepare a research protocol. The use or disclosure of the PHI is sought solely for the purpose of preparing a research protocol. The PHI will not be removed from the covered entity. This PHI is necessary for the purpose of a research study.
21	What does not require IRB review? (Continued) Research on Decedents Researchers may use and disclose a decedent’s PHI for research purposes without IRB review. The following criteria must be met in the form of a statement to the covered entity: The use will be solely for research on the PHI of a decedent. The PHI sought is necessary for the purposes of the research. The researcher has documentation of the death of the individual about whom information is being sought.
22	What is the IRB currently doing to prepare for HIPAA? IRBs are currently updating forms and template language to meet the requirements set forth in the regulations. Approved studies that will be enrolling beyond April 14, 2003 must have an authorization rider attached to the consent document. Template language for the HIPAA authorization rider is approved and on the website. New studies should choose the Confidentiality and Privacy of Health Information language in the template and modify to include study specific information.
23	HIPAA Algorithm
24	POINTS to REMEMBER
25	HIPAA IS Here! Since APRIL 14, 2003
26	Real Impact Research may be done if: No PHI is needed A limited data set is used (need data use agreement) Approval (authorization) from patient to do prospective research May do “preparatory research” w/o IRB approval “Waiver of Consent” is needed in retrospective studies and with a Limited Data Set All patients need to sign additional paper for approval of information for prospective research
27	Questions?